Perbedaan Trust dan Believe

Jikalau sebelumnya ane posting tentang yang unik-unik aja atau tentang tips trik komputer, Nah kali ini ane mau Bahasa sedikit tentang Bahasa Inggris yaitu Confusing Word, Dari artinya saja kita bisa menyimpulkan bahwa ini adalah kata-kata yang membingunkan, Tapi tidak bingung dengan yang satu itu, kali ini ane bahasa Bagimana Penggunaan Trust dan Believe
Dalam Bahasa Inggris Sendiri Trust dan Believe mempunyai arti percaya namun penggunaannya sudah pasi berbeda perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut ini :

Perhatikan contoh berikut:

• I trust you, so I will lend you my phone. (Trust disini berarti bahwa saya menganggap Anda akan mengembalikan HP saya).
• I believe you when you say you will return my mobile  phone, so I will lend you my mobile phone. (Believe di sini berarti saya mengasumsikan Anda mengatakan hal yang benar.

Bisa jadi Anda tidak mempercayai (trust) seseorang, tetapi Anda bisa mempercayai (believe) apa yang dikatakannya.

Ringkasnya bisa dikatakan bahwa “trust” adalah kepercayaan utuh yang permanen, sedangkan “believe” memiliki makna “kesementaraan” di dalamnya. Believe berarti bahwa ktia percaya pernyataan seseorang, tetapi trust berarti bawah kita percaya seseorang itu jujur dan terpercaya secara umum.

• Alba said he didn’t steal my mobile phone, and I believe him.
• I really trust Wahid. He always does what he says he is going to do.

Contoh Contoh Idiom Part I

Kalau Sebelumnya di wahidsahidu blog sempat membahas yang namanya Idiom dan Pengertiannya, Nah Kali Ini ane mau ngasih contoh-contoh dari Idiom itu sendiri, oke langsung aja kita ke TKP

1.     to cut the gordian knot = mengambil jalan pintas

2.     to learn by heart = menghafal

3.     to have a swim = to swim = berenang

4.     to have break = istirahat

5.     to have a rest = istirahat

6.     to take a walk = to walk = berjalan

7.     a bag of bones = kurus kering

8.     just $ 10,000 = murah sekali

9.     Come on = ayolah

10. come on in = ayo masuklah

11. my hands are full = saya sangat sibuk

12. take it easy = tenanglah

13. just now = tadi

14. just a minute = tunggu sebentar

15. call it a day ! = sekian saja kita bekerja hari ini !

16. Lend me your hand = bantulah saya

17. this book is above me = saya tidak paham buku ini

18. her nose is running (running nose) = ingusnya meleleh

19. running out of gasoline = kehabisan bensin

20. where are you heading ? = anda mau kemana ?

Fractions

In the United States a point is used as decimal separator in writing: 1.5 = one point five or one and a half; 2.45 = two point forty-five or two point four five; 134.706 = one hundred thirty-four point seven ou six, etc.
Simple fractions are formed by two words: the nominator is cardinal number; the denominator is ordinal number.

Example:

6/7 = six sevenths; 2/5 = two fifths; 23/56 = twenty-three fifty-sixths; 1/2 = one half (this is an exception); 4 2/3 = four and two thirds. To designate percentage, the word 'percent' is used always in its singular form: 5% = five percent; 1% = one percent; 47% = forty-seven percent.

Auxiliary and modal verb

The auxiliary verbs 'to be' (Present I 'am', you/we/they 'are', he/she/it 'is'; Past I/he/she/it 'was', you/we/they 'were'), 'to have' (Present he/she/it 'has'; Past 'had'), and 'will' (unchangeable) are used to form complex verbal tenses : I have just finished it. Where are you going? He will show you around.
The auxiliary verb 'to do' (Present he/she/it 'does'; Past 'did') helps form questions  and negative sentences : What did you expect? I don't really remember.
Modal verbs form complex predicates with an infinitive: 'to have to', need to (necessity), to be to, must (obligation), can, could (possibility), may, might (permission), shall, should (recommendation), would (supposition).

Example:

I have to do the assignment by tomorrow. His opinion is to be taken seriously. You may come in. He might as well be at home. Can/could you pass the salt? The work must be done on time. She needs to check her schedule. Shall I turn on the light? They shouldn't do it. I would take this position if I were you. Of all verbs only 'need' and 'to have to' require use of the auxiliary 'to do' to form questions  and negative sentences : Do you have/need to go there? I doseen't have/need to.
Other verbs form questions and negations by themselves: Have you ever been to London? What was he reading when you came? Shouldn't I do it? It hasn't been done yet. We won't do anything.

Conditional sentences

Conditional sentences are complex sentences that consist of two parts: a main clause describing an action and a subordinate clause stating a condition that must be met in order for the main action to take place. English conditional sentences require different verb forms depending on the time and reality of the main action and its condition: both can refer either to the present/future (and be real or unreal) or to the past (unreal).
1) A real present/future condition assumes a real main action: If I see him, I will run away. As you see, the Present Indefinite is used in the subordinate (future tenses are not allowed in a conditional clause!) and the Future Indefinite in the main clause.
2) An unreal present/future condition is expressed using the Past Indefinite Tense (the verb 'to be' has the form 'were' in all persons): If I saw him...(If I were you...). The predicate of the main sentence has the form 'would/could + verb'.

Example:

If I saw him now, I would run away. If I knew it before it started, I could do much better. 3) An unreal past condition is expressed using the Past Perfect Tense: If I had seen him... The predicate of the main sentence has the form 'would/could + have + Past Passive Participle of the verb'.

Example:

If I had seen him then, I would have run away. If I had known it on that day, I could have done much better.

Exception:

In some cases the use of tenses in the main and subordinate clause is independent of each other. For example, if a condition extends from past to present but the action is no longer possible, mixed rules can be applied: Past Indefinite in the subordinate and 'would/could + have + Past Passive Participle' in the main clause.

Example:

If I knew it (generally), I could have done better (in the past). One last remark concerns the fact that both the condition and the main action can be expressed by means other than a clause, or even just implied. The rules for the use of tenses in the remaining part of a sentence still apply.

Example:

At his appearance I would run away. Under other circumstances I could have done better. If only you had said that before!

Cardinal Number

Cardinal numerals answer the question 'how many?'. Numerals from 'one' to 'twelve', as well as 'hundred, thousand, million, billion', are fixed words. Numerals from 13 to 19 are derived from corresponding simple ones by adding the suffix -teen (some stems are modified): thirteen = 13; fourteen = 14; fifteen = 15; sixteen = 16; seventeen = 17; eighteen = 18; nineteen = 19. The numerals that are multiples of 10 are formed by addition of the suffix -ty to the number of tens, with occasional modifications: twenty = 20; thirty = 30; forty = 40; fifty = 50; sixty = 60; seventy = 70; eighty = 80; ninety = 90.
Complex numerals are formed by putting the first two described types together in order from left to right (tens and units are written with a hyphen). The words 'hundred, thousand, million, billion', etc., are always used in the singular form.

Example:

one hundred twenty-five = 125; five hundred seventy-two = 572; two thousand six hundred fifty-one = 2,651; three million four hundred ninety-six thousand seven hundred eighty-three = 3,496,783.

What is Articles?

The correct use of articles is one of the biggest problems in mastering English, especially for speakers of languages that don't have articles. However, constant attention to the use of articles by native speakers of English and thoughtful consideration of the rules allow to solve this problem successfully. Article is a special particle that is placed in front of a noun (or a noun's modifier) in order to closer specify the object or the concept this noun refers to. English has just two articles: the indefinite article 'a (an)' and the definite article 'the'.

Indefinite article

The indefinite article 'a' (or 'an' before a vowel sound) is used with a singular countable noun that is either mentioned for the first time or identified as one in a row of many similar objects. The indefinite article stems from the numeral 'one' and can often be replaced, without loss of meaning, by words 'one', 'any', 'some'.

Example:

Give me a pen, please (one pen, any pen). We saw a house (some house). I have a difficult task (one of many possible tasks).

Absence of indefinite article with uncountable and plural nouns

In English, the indefinite article can only be used with countable nouns in singular. This means that, with uncountable and plural nouns, the indefinite meaning is conveyed by omitting an article altogether. Instead, indefinite pronouns 'some', 'any' may be used.

Example:

Last night we had snow. Give me some coffee, please. You are our guest of honor. He waited for hours. She doesn't have any friends.

Exception:

The indefinite article may be used with an abstract noun accompanied by a descriptive modifier: I felt a certain impatience. A dull anger rose in his chest.

Definite article

The definite article 'the' is used in both singular and plural with nouns denoting objects and concepts already familiar to the listener or reader, or unique objects. The definite article has its origin in the demonstrative pronoun 'that' and can often be replaced by it. The decision about using a noun with the definite article is determined
1) by a specific situation or
2) context,
3) by a limiting noun modifier, or
4) by the object's nature.

Example:

1) The teacher left the door open (objects familiar to the audience).
2) He sat down on a chair. The chair felt quite comfortable (object introduced in context).
3) She went to the nearest/following/main/ only store. Bob told me about the movie he saw yesterday (modifiers unambiguously identify the objects).
4) The moon orbits the earth (unique objects).

Penggunaan Agree to, Agree with, Agree on

Haii sobat gimana nii kabarnya sudah lama g pernah OL lagi,,hmm sibuk kuliah kali yachh..oh ya sobat kali ini ane pengen bahas yang namanya Agree to, Agree with, Agree on

Kata "Agree" secara lexical diartikan dengan "Setuju". Namun dalam teks-teks Bahasa Inggris, kita sering melihat Agree with, Agree to atau Agree on. Kata ini sering membingungkan sebab semuanya mempunyai arti yang sama, yaitu "Setuju dengan". Tetapi sebenarnya, ketiga kata tersebut berbeda fungsi seperti akan kami jelaskan di bawah ini:

Agree to

Agree to berati setuju dengan saran atau tindakan orang lain.

1. Russia and Spain agree to Cooperate In Energy Sector.
2. We agreed to her suggestion.

Agree with

Agree with berarti setuju dengan orang lain, suatu pendapat atau kebijakan.

1. The copy agrees with the original.
2. I don’t agree with some of the issues they have raised in the rating rationale.

Agree on

Agree on berarti setuju dengan masalah yang ingin diputuskan, mempunyai perasaan yang sama atas suatu masalah.

1. Democrat Obama and Republican McCain agree on a range of issues that have divided the parties under Bush.
2. Major EU states agree on tighter regulation.

Confusing word : Thanks or Thank You

Masih seputar belajar bahasa Inggris kali tentang confusing word. salah seorang dari teman aku pernah bertanya " sebenarnya mana sich yang benar kalau ingin mengucapkan kata terima kasih dalam bahasa inggris thanks atau Thank you"
Nah ada kesempatan kali ane mau bahas yang satu ini

jika sobat cari di kamus inggris-indonesia sobat akan temukan Thanks” dan “Thank you” keduanya diartikan “Terima kasih”. Tetapi ada sedikit perbedaan diantara keduanya. “Thank you” lebih formal dibanding “Thanks”. Jadi “Thank you” digunakan pada situasi/kondisi formal dan “Thanks” digunakan untuk situasi/kondisi yang kurang/tidak formal seperti dalam percakapan biasa. Contoh, ketika seorang teman menyodorkan minuman di meja makan Anda mengatakan “Thanks”. Ketika Anda dipersilahkan membawakan pidato pembukaan di sebuah acara Anda mengatakan “Thank you”. Thank you juga dianggap lebih sopan dibanding Thanks. Berikut beberapa penjelasan tembahan seputar penggunaan Thanks/Thank you untuk mengungkapkan terima kasih. (Pada contoh-contoh pembahasan berikut kita mengasumsikan terjadi pada situasi yang kurang/tidak formal sehingga kita menggunakan Thanks).
Thank you for atau thanks for bisa diikuti dengan bentuk –ing.

• Thanks for coming
• Thanks for everything

Kita sering menggunakan Thank you/Thanks untuk menerima penawaran.

• ‘Would you like some coffee?’ ‘Thanks’

Untuk menolak sebuah penawaran, Anda bisa mengatakan No thanks.

• ‘Another cake?’ ‘No, thanks. I have eaten too many alrady.’

Jawaban terhadap thanks
Orang Inggris British biasanya tidak selalu menjawab ketika mereka diberi ucapan terima kasih untuk hal yang kecil/sepele. Jika diperlukan menjawab kita biasa mengatakan Not at all (formal), Your are welcome, Don’t mention it, That’s quite all right atau That’s OK (informal)

• ‘Here is your jacket.’ ‘Thanks.’ (tidak perlu menjawab)
• ‘Thanks so much for looking after the pets.’ ‘That’s all right’ (jawaban diperlukan).

10 Grammar Mistakes That Make You Look Stupid

1. Loose for lose

    * No: I always loose the product key.

    * Yes: I always lose the product key.

2. It’s for its (or god forbid, its’)

    * No: Download the HTA, along with it’s readme file.

    * Yes: Download the HTA, along with its readme file.

    * No: The laptop is overheating and its making that funny noise again.

    * Yes: The laptop is overheating and it’s making that funny noise again.

3. They’re for their for there

    * No: The managers are in they’re weekly planning meeting.

    * Yes: The managers are in their weekly planning meeting.

    * No: The techs have to check there cell phones at the door, and their not happy about it.

    * Yes: The techs have to check their cell phones at the door, and they’re not happy about it.

4. i.e. for e.g.

    * No: Use an anti-spyware program (i.e., AdAware).

    * Yes: Use an anti-spyware program (e.g., AdAware).

    * Note: The term i.e. means “that is”; e.g. means “for example.” And a comma follows both of them.

5. Effect for affect

    * No: The outage shouldn’t effect any users during work hours.

    * Yes: The outage shouldn’t affect any users during work hours.

    * Yes: The outage shouldn’t have any effect on users.

    * Yes: We will effect several changes during the downtime.

    * Note: Impact is not a verb. Purists, at least, beg you to use affect instead:

    * No: The outage shouldn’t impact any users during work hours.

    * Yes: The outage shouldn’t affect any users during work hours.

    * Yes: The outage should have no impact on users during work hours.

6. You’re for your

    * No: Remember to defrag you’re machine on a regular basis.

    * Yes: Remember to defrag your machine on a regular basis.

    * No: Your right about the changes.

    * Yes: You’re right about the changes.

7. Different than for different from

    * No: This setup is different than the one at the main office.

    * Yes: This setup is different from the one at the main office.

    * Yes: This setup is better than the one at the main office.

    * 8. Lay for lie

    * No: I got dizzy and had to lay down.

    * Yes: I got dizzy and had to lie down.

    * Yes: Just lay those books over there.

9. Then for than

    * No: The accounting department had more problems then we did.

    * Yes: The accounting department had more problems than we did.                                                                                                 Note: Here’s a sub-peeve. When a sentence construction begins with If, you don’t need a then. Then is implicit, so it’s superfluous and wordy:

    * No: If you can’t get Windows to boot, then you’ll need to call Ted.

    * Yes: If you can’t get Windows to boot, you’ll need to call Ted.

10. Could of, would of for could have, would have

    * No: I could of installed that app by mistake.

    * Yes: I could have installed that app by mistake.

    * No: I would of sent you a meeting notice, but you were out of town.

    * Yes: I would have sent you a meeting notice, but you were out of town.

Penggunaan Suppose

Haloha Sobat bersama-sama lagi kita akan belajar bahasa Inggris kali ini saya akan membahas tentang "Suppose" namun suppose yang sedang di bahas kali ini adalah bukan soppose yang berarti "mengira" melainkan suppose yang artinya "Andaikan/Seandainya. Fungsinya sama dengan apa yang kita pelajari dalam topik Conditional. Silahkan ikuti penjelasan di bawah ini:

• I suppose you'll be meeting Danielle when you go to Paris?
• When you weren't there, I supposed you must have been held up.
• I suppose you two know each other?

'suppose' tidak umum digunakan dalam bentuk Continuous. Kita tidak boleh mengucapkan 'I am supposing'.

• Now I suppose we'll have to do something else.
• We're waiting for John and I suppose he must be stuck in traffic.
• At this moment I suppose it doesn't matter

Ketika kita merespon sebuah pendapat dengan 'suppose', kita dapat menambahnya dengan 'so' untuk menghindari pengulangan apa yang sudah diucapkan sebelumnya.

• Is Susan coming to this meeting? - I suppose so.

'Supposed to be' artinya 'Katanya/Dipercaya'.

• The new James Bond movie is supposed to be excellent.
• He is supposed to have been rude to Mark but I don't believe it.
• It is supposed to be the best restaurant in town.

'Supposed to be' dapat juga digunakan untuk berbicara tentang sesuatu yang sudah disusun atau diharapkan. Artinya sama dengan 'should' (seharusnya).

• I'm supposed to get to work by 8.
• John is supposed to turn off all the lights when he leaves.
• I'm supposed to pay my rent on the first of the month.

'Suppose' dapat juga digunakan sebagai Conjunction yang artinya 'Bagaimana Jika'.

• Suppose we take the earlier train to Munich? It would give us more time there. - Suppose we took the plane instead? That would give us even more time.
• There's nobody in reception to let our visitors in. - Suppose I sit there until somebody comes?
• I'm going to ask him for a pay increase. - Suppose he said 'no'? What would you do?
  
  
  gimana sobat ada yang belum di mengerti jika belum silahkan tinggalkan komentar sobat dan bila ada kekurangan sobat juga boleh meninggalkan komentarnya sobat biar sama-sama kita belajar

Derivation (linguistics)

In linguistics, derivation is the process of forming new words, e.g. happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine. A contrast is intended with the process of inflection, which uses another kind of affix in order to form variants of the same word, as with determine/determine-s/determin-ing/determin-ed.

A derivational suffix usually applies to words of one syntactic category and changes them into words of another syntactic category. For example, the English derivational suffix -ly changes adjectives into adverbs (slow → slowly).

Examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes:

• adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)
• adjective-to-verb: -ise (modern → modernise) in British English or -ize (archaic → archaicize) in American English and Oxford spelling
• adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish)
• adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally)
• noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational)
• noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)
• verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)
• verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver → deliverance)
• verb-to-noun (concrete): -er (write → writer)

Although derivational affixes dont necessarily modify the syntactic category, they modify the meaning of the base. In many cases, derivational affixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning: modern → modernize ("to make modern"). The modification of meaning is sometimes predictable: Adjective + ness → the state of being (Adjective); (white→ whiteness).

A prefix (write → re-write; lord → over-lord) will rarely change syntactic category in English. The inflectional prefix un- applies to adjectives (healthy → unhealthy), some verbs (do → undo), but rarely nouns. A few exceptions are the derivational prefixes en- and be-. En- (em- before labials) is usually used as a transitive marker on verbs, but can also be applied to adjectives and nouns to form transitive verb: circle (verb) → encircle (verb); but rich (adj) → enrich (verb), large (adj) → enlarge (verb), rapture (noun) → enrapture (verb), slave (noun) → enslave (verb).

Note that derivational affixes are bound morphemes. In that, derivation differs from compounding, by which free morphemes are combined (lawsuit, Latin professor). It also differs from inflection in that inflection does not create new lexemes but new word forms (table → tables; open → opened).

Derivation can occur without any change of form, for example telephone (noun) and to telephone. This is known as conversion or zero derivation. Some linguists consider that when a word's syntactic category is changed without any change of form, a null morpheme is being affixed.

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ADVERB

Adverbs (Kata Keterangctau kata tambahan) adalah kata yang menjelaskan bagaimana caranya, di mana tempatnya, kapan waktunya, berapa kali dan sebagainya, suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau suatu peristiwa terjadi.

Fungsi Adverbs:

1. Adverbs menerangkan kata kerja (Verbs)

• They work hard. (hard menerangkan work)
• She speaks French fluently.

2. Adverbs menerangkan kata sifat (Adjectives)

• Mr. Alex is very rich. (very menerangkan rich)
• This coffee is too hot to drink.

3. Adverbs menerangkan Kata Depan (Prepositions)

• The cat is sitting almost outside the door. (almost menerangkan outside)
• I arrived there long before the time.

4. Adverbs menerangkan kata keterangan lainnya (Adverbs)

• I can swim very well. (very menerangkan well)
• You worked too hard.

5. Adverbs menerangkan Kata Sambung (Conjunctions)

• I can see clearly how she killed her mother. (clearly menerangkan how)
• I arrived at home precisely before the rain fell.

6. Adverbs menerangkan keseluruhan kalimat

• Yesterday, we saw your boyfriend in the mall.
• Unfortunately, the boy was killed in the end of the film

 PEMBENTUKAN KATA KETERANGAN (ADVERBS)

Ada beberapa cara untuk membentuk Adverbs. Perhatikan berikut ini:

1. Dengan menambahkan "ly" pada akhir Adjectives.

• beautiful - beautifully
• smart - smartly
• serious - seriously
• slow - slowly
• dll

2. Ada juga beberapa Adverbs yang memiliki bentuk yang sama dengan Adjectives-nya.

• fast - fast
• hard - hard
• free - free
• dll

3. Ada juga 1 kata sifat yang memiliki bentuk yang berbeda pada Adverbs-nya

• good - well

ADVERBS dibagi dalam 3 golongan, yaitu:

1. Simple Adverbs
2. Interrogative Adverbs
3. Relative Adverbs

PENJELASAN
1. Simple Adverbs
Golongan ini terbagi lagi menjadi:

1). Adverbs of Time (Keterangan Waktu)

Kata keterangan waktu yang sering dipakai adalah: now, then, ago, since, before, already, soon, immediately, instantly, presently, late, lately, early, afterwards, today, yesterday, tomorrow, dsb..

• Press the button now.
  
• I have never been.
  
• I tell him daily.

2). Adverbs of Place (Keterangan Tempat)
Adverbs ya ng sering dipakai adalah: here, there, hence, thence, above, below, beside, in, on, inside, outside, far, near, dll.

• Daisies grow everywhere.
  
• I did not put it there.

3). Adverbs of Number (Kata Keterangan Bilangan)
Adverbs yang sering dipakai adalah: once, twice, thrice, again, firstly, never, often, sometimes, dll

• I go to school five times a week
• You have to take the medicine twice a day.

4). Adverbs of Manner, Quality, State (Kata Keterangan Cara, Kualitas, dan Keadaan)
Adverbs yang sering dipakai adalah: well, seriously, probably, thus, so, dll.

• I can finish the work quickly
• He ran fast

5). Adverbs of Quantity, Extent, Degree (Kata Keterangan Kuantitas, Taraf, Tingkat)
Adverbs yang sering dipakai adalah much, too, enough, very, somewhat, rather, completely, dll.

• You are quite right
• You are young enough to be an acctress.

2. Interrogative Adverbs
Adverbs jenis ini terbagi lagi menjadi:

1). Adverbs of Time

• When did you came?
• How long will you stay at the hotel?

2). Adverbs of Place

• Where do you live?
• Whence did you come?

3). Adverbs of Number

• How often do you come to her house?

4). Adverbs of Manner, Quality, State

• How did you do the homework?
• How are you today?

5). Adverbs of Quantity, Extent, Degree

• How far was the news true?

6). Adverbs of Cause and Effect

• Why did he leave?
• Wherefore did she weep?

3. Relative Adverbs
Adverbs jenis ini berhubungan dengan:

1). Antecedent (Kata yang mendahului) Dinyatakan

• This is the hotel where she stays at
• let me know the time when you will leave for London

2). Antecedent Dimengerti

• This is where she stays at
• let me know when you will leave for London.

COMPARATIVE DEGREES OF ADVERBS

1. Adverb yang terdiri dari 1 suku kata, maka tambahkan "er" untuk tingkat lebih, dan "est" untuk tingkat paling

Adverbs	Tingkat Lebih	Tingkat Paling
fast	faster	fastest
hard	harder	hardest
late	later	latest, last
soon	sooner	soonest

2. Adverbs yang terdiri lebih dari 1 suku kata, maka tambahkan "more" untuk tingkat lebih, dan "most" untuk tingkat "paling"

Adverbs	Tingkat Lebih	Tingkat Paling
seriously	more seriously	most seriously
successfully	more successfully	most successfully
loudly	more loudly	most loudly
beautifully	more beautifully	most beautiful

3. Adverbs yang tidak beraturan, perhatikan bentuk perbandingannya berikut ini:

Adverbs	Tingkat Lebih	Tingkat Paling
well	better	best
far	farther, further	farthest, furthest
much	more	most
little	less	least

Contoh:

• William belajar Bahasa Inggris lebih serius daripada abangnya.
  (William studies English more seriously than his brother does)
  (BUKAN: more serious, sebab, kita sudah mendapati kata "study", maka kita harus menggunakan Adverbs sesudahnya, bukan Adjectives)
• William studies English harder than his brother does.

CARA PEMAKAIAN ADVERBS

Ada 2 cara pemakaian Adverbs, yaitu:

1. Attributive
Adverbs dipakai secara atributif, jika Adverbs menerangkan katanya secara biasa, yaitu jika Adverbs diletakkan sedekat mungkin di depannya atau di belakangnya.

• He shouted loudly
• He is quite right
• He is entirely wrong

2. Predicative
Adverbs dipakai sebagai predicative jika Adverbs dijadikan bagian dari predikat sebuah kalimat, atau jelasnya, jika ia dipakai sebagai komplemen dari kata kerja yang mendahuluinya.

• The struggle is over
• She will be better soon
• The two girls are much alike
• My new book is out
• She is well today

LETAK ADVERBS DI DALAM KALIMAT

Penempatan kata keterangan dalam suatu kalimat pads umumnya menggunakan pola sebagai berikut:

1. Dalam keadaan biasa, kata keterangan disusun dalam urutan Adverb of Place or Direction, Adverb of Frequency, Adverb of Time. (A. of P or D, A. of F, A. of T).

Contoh:

• I have been to London several time this year.
• He walked round the park twice before supper.
• She gave lectures at the college three days a week last year.

2. Dalam keadaan biasa, susunan kata keterangan adalah Adverb of Manner, Place, and Time.

Contoh:

• Arifah studies seriously at school every day.
• Ali ate food greedily at home this morning.
• My elder brother works hard at the office yesterday.

3. Adverb of Frequency berada setelah kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb atau modal)), bila dalam kalimat ada kata kerja bantu-nya.

Contoh:

• I have almost finished working.
• They didn't even try to help.
• She has justfinished breakfast.
• The post has already come.

4. Bila terdapat 'verb of movement' atau kata kerja yang menunjukkan gerak/ perpindahan, maka di belakangnya langsung diikuti 'adverb of place' yang seolah-olah berfungsi sebagai objek tujuan. Kata kerja tersebut misalnya: go, move, visit, come, run, walk, jump, travel dan lain sebagainya.

Contoh:

• We will go to Bali by plane.
• She drives her car to the village slowly.
• The finally arrived home after spending the whole night on the road. etc.

Bila dalam sebuah kalimat terdapat beberapa keterangan yang sejenis, maka kata keterangan tersebut disusun mulai dari urutan yang terkecil. Namun pola-pola tersebut di atas tetap dipakai. (nomor 1-4).

Contoh:

• He visited the hospital, in J1. Jend. Sudirman, on foot, reluctantly, at 9 o'clock, last Sunday.

Beberapa jenis adverbs tertentu dapat menempati (diletakkan pada) tiga posisi dalam suatu kalimat, di awal, di tengah, atau di akhir kalimat, namun ada pula beberapa adverb yang hanya dapat menempati pads satu atau dua posisi tertentu dalam suatu kalimat.

PRONOUNS

Pronouns (Kata Ganti) adalah kata yang menggantikan kata benda (nouns). Beberapa kata yang digunakan dalam Pronouns juga digunakan dalam Adjectives, namun berbeda fungsi dan bentuknya. Pronouns berdiri sendiri, sedangkan Adjectives membutuhkan sebuah kata benda di depannya.

Pembagian Pronouns

   1. Personal Pronouns
   2. Demonstrative Pronouns
   3. Possessive Pronouns
   4. Interrogative Pronouns
   5. Relative Pronouns
   6. Indefinite Pronouns
   7. Reflexive Pronouns
   8. Intensive Pronouns
   9. Reciprocal Pronouns

1. Personal Pronouns

Yaitu kata ganti orang, baik orang pertama, orang kedua maupun orang ketiga. Personal Pronouns berfungsi sebagai:

a. Nominative Subjective, yaitu menjadi subjek kalimat. I, we, you, they, he, she, it.

• I study English
• You are my new secretary.

b. Objective, yaitu menjadi objek kalimat. Me, us, you, them, him, her, it.

•  She brings me a cup of coffee.
• I make you a kite.

2. Demonstrative Pronouns (Kata Ganti Penunjuk)

• This, that, those, these.
• This is your book.
• Those are my pencils.

Catatan:

Keempat kata di atas juga dapat dijumpai dalam Demonstrative Adjectives. Perbedaan penggunaannya hanya pada penggunaan kata benda (nouns) setelah keempat kata di atas untuk Demonstrative Adjectives.

• This book is yours (this = adjectives)
• This is your book. (this = pronouns)
• These are your pencils. (these = pronouns)

3. Possessive Pronouns

Yaitu kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepemilikan. Mine, yours, theirs, ours, his, hers.

• This house is mine. (mine = Possessive Pronouns).
• This is my house. (my = Possessive Adjectives).

4. Relative Pronouns

Yaitu kata yang menggantikan kata yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya.

Kata-kata yang dipakai adalah:

a. Menggantikan subjek.

• Who (orang)
• Which, that (benda, binatang)

b. Menggantikan Objek

• whom (orang)
• which, that (benda, binatang)

c. Menggantikan kepunyaan

• whose (orang)
• of which (benda, binatang)

Catatan:

Semua kata-kata di atas (who, whom, whose, which, that, dan of which) dalam bahasa Indonesia artinya �Yang�.

Contoh:

• The man who cuts my hair is my uncle (Laki-laki yang memangkas rambut saya adalah paman saya).
• I am waiting for the man whom you are talking about.
• She borrows the novel of which cover is purple.
• Pembahasan lebih lanjut mengenai topic ini akan dibahas pada topic Adjective Clause.

5. Interrogative Pronouns

Yaitu kata Tanya yang digunakan untuk mengawali suatu pertanyaan. Kata yang dipakai adalah who, what, whom, dan which.

• Who are you?
• What is the color of your house? (what = Pronouns)
• What color is your house? (what = Adjectives)
• Which is your pen? (which = Pronouns)
• Which pen is yours? (which = Adjectives)

6. Indefinite Pronouns (Kata Ganti Tak Tentu)

Kata-kata yang sering dipakai adalah: another, anybody, something, everyone, much, neither, one, none, dll.

• All work is not dull, some is pleasant.
• Most of the cars are new.
• Nobody is at home.

7. Reflexive Pronouns

Yaitu kata ganti yang merupakan pantulan dari kata ganti (Pronouns) itu sendiri.

Perhatikan bentuk kata ganti jenis ini:

• I = myself
• You = yourself (kamu)
• You = yourselves (kalian)
• We = ourselves
• They = themselves
• He = himself
• She = herself
• It = itself

Contoh:

• I cut myself with a knife (saya kena pisau)
• They love themselves.
• I help myself this morning.

8. Intensive Pronouns

Yaitu kata ganti yang juga merupakan pantulan dari kata ganti itu sendiri. Namun, letaknya sesudah nouns/pronouns itu sendiri. Kata ganti jenis ini berfungsi untuk lebih menekankan / menegaskan maksud pembicaraan.

Contoh:

• Henry himself who told me so. (Henry sendirilah yang mengatakan begitu kepadaku)
• Mary herself repaired the computer. (Mary sendirilah - bukan orang lain - yang memperbaiki computer itu)
• Jack himself gave me the book.

Catatan:

Berhati-hatilah dengan penggunaan kata gantu jenis ini. Perhatikan 3 contoh kalimat di bawah ini dan perhatikan perbedaannya.

• Alex does the test himself. (= Alex mengerjakan test itu sendiri - tanpa bantuan orang lain)
• Ted himself does the test. (=Ted sendirilah - bukan orang lain - yang mengerjakan test itu)
• Bob does the test by himself. (= Bob mengerjakan test itu sendirian - tidak ada orang lain bersama dia)

9. Reciprocal Pronouns

Yaitu kata ganti yang menyatakan hubungan timbale balik antara 2 atau lebih. Frase yang digunakan adalah:

• Each other = satu sama lain (2 orang)
• One another = satu sama lain ( lebih dari 2 orang)

Contoh:

• Henry and Elizabeth loves each other. (Henry & Elizabeth saling mencintai/ Henry & Elizabeth mencintai satu sama lainnya)
• All children love one another.

Short Answers

Mengatakan 'Ya, saya lakukan. / Tidak, saya tidak 'dalam bahasa Inggris lebih sopan daripada hanya mengatakan' Ya. / No ''s Itulah sebabnya jawaban pendek sangat umum digunakan.

Untuk membentuk jawaban singkat, Anda menggunakan kata pertama dari pertanyaan itu. (Ini bisa berupa kata kerja bantu atau bentuk 'menjadi'.)

Gunakan bentuk panjang (dia tidak) dalam jawaban afirmatif (ya).

Gunakan bentuk pendek (dia tidak) dalam jawaban negatif (tidak ada).

Question	Affirmative	Negative
Do we know him?	Yes, we do.	No, we don’t.
Can she see me?	Yes, she can.	No, she can’t.
Have they read the book?	Yes, they have.	No, they haven’t.
Is he hungry?	Yes, he is.	No, he isn’t.

Mind: If ‘you’ is the subject of the question, ‘you’ must be replaced by ‘I’ or ‘we’.

Question	Affirmative	Negative
Do you know him?	Yes, I / we do.	No, I / we don’t.

If the question starts with ‘are you’, ‘are’ must sometimes be replaced by ‘am’.

Question	Affirmative	Negative
Are you hungry?	Yes, I am.	No, I’m not.
But: →	Yes, we are.	No, we aren’t.

Form of going to Future

Form of going to Future

	positive	negative	question
I	I am going to speak.	I am not going to speak.	Am I going to speak?
you / we / they	You are going to speak.	You are not going to speak.	Are you going to speak?
he / she / it	He is going to speak.	He is not going to speak.	Is he going to speak?

Use of going to Future

• an action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared
  example: I am going to study harder next year.
• a conclusion regarding the immediate future
  example: The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain.

Signal Words

• in one year, next week, tomorrow

Statements in Reported Speech

Pronouns

In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what.

Example

She says, “My mum doesn’t have time today.” – She says that her mum doesn’t have time today.

Tenses

No backshift

Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present (e. g. He says). Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular).

Example

He says, “I speak English.” – He says that he speaks English.

Backshift

You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e. g. He said). This is called backshift.

Example

He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Simple Present	Simple Past
Present Progressive	Past Progressive
Simple Past	Past Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple
Past Progressive	Past Perfect Progressive
Present Perfect Progressive
Past Perfect Progressive
Future I (going to)	was / were going to
Future I (will)	Conditional I (would)
Conditional I (would)

The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to do not normally change.

Example:

He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right.

Place and Time expressions

For place and time expressions you have to check whether place and time are the same in direct and reported speech or not. Check out the following example:

It is Friday and you meet James at a restaurant. James tells you that he saw Caroline in this restaurant today. (“I saw Caroline here today.”) A few minutes later, Helen joins you and you want to report what James has told you. Place (here) and time (today) are the same and you can say:
→ James said that he had seen Caroline here today.
One day later, you meet Mary at the same restaurant. Again, you want to report to her what James has told you. The place is the same, but not the time (it happened yesterday). So you would say:
→ James said that he had seen Caroline here yesterday.

Still a few days later, Tom rings you at home. Again, you want to report to him what James has told you. However, now you are not at the restaurant (but at home) and a few days have passed since then. So you would say:
→ James said that he had seen Caroline at the restaurant on Friday.
oder
→ I met James in a restaurant on Friday and he said that he had seen Caroline there that day.

Therefore you always have to think which place and time expressions are logical in a certain situation.

In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time expressions into reported speech.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
today	that day
now	then
yesterday	the day before
… days ago	… days before
last week	the week before
next year	the following year
tomorrow	the next day / the following day
here	there
this	that
these	those